All Stars
All Stars
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If most of the elements were assembled by chance in stars, how is it that one planet has all 109 of them?
I heard that any element other than hydrogen is generally manufactured in stars, and then released into space. But, I would think that you'd get only a handful of different kinds of elements, not every possible combination from 1 proton to 109. And then all of those elements wind up on the same planet! What is the nature of the process that results in all possible numbers of protons?
Who said elements were created by chance?
Nuclear reactions follow rules, just like chemistry follows rules, just like gravity behaves according to rules, and so on.
In the Big Bang theory, the initial creation of matter from pure energy ended up with hydrogen, helium, a bit of lithium, beryllium and boron. Not much after that.
This is confirmed by the observed mix of intergalactic clouds of gas (gas that has not had the opportunity to form stars yet).
The remaining elements were formed by fusion of lighter elements and returned to the interstellar medium by stellar wind from smaller stars (where convection reaches down to the core) and by supernova explosions in very big stars (where the explosion itself creates all elements beyond iron and ejects them into space).
Because of the nature of 'nuleosynthesis' (the formation of atomic nuclei), all elements up to iron can be created by simple fusion (the fusion of lighter elements into heavier elements releases energy, until you reach iron). This is the process that causes stars to exist in the first place.
Some elements can be formed a lot more easily than others (for example, even number of protons with even number of neutrons, for example Carbon-12, Oxygen-16, Neon-20, Magnesium-24 and so on to iron-52 and iron-56). The in-between elements are created as intermediate steps from one to the other (that is why there are less of them). This process follows natural rules.
The process is not one that works "by chance".
At the core of a star, the fusion follows a path that produces the energy needed by the star to prevent collapse. And the outcomes are not random. For example, the mass of the star will determine what the higher-possible atoms can be created in that particular star.
Younger systems that are created after at least two generations of stars (our Sun is a 3rd generation star) are produced by the collapse of dust-and-gas clouds that contain all elements -- at least the stable and quasi-stable ones.
Therefore, it is normal that the planets in our solar system contain most of the elements. BTW, Earth has no original Technetium (Tc), element number 43, and only traces of Tc being produced by the decay of other atoms. Almost all Tc on Earth is artificially produced.
We expect that any recent system (3rd generation or younger) that contains planets, will also contain planets with (almost) all elements. Especially if they are formed in the Galactic disk, like we were.
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